Sudan: References
To access more information that went behind the development of the Sudan report, you can access the references below.
Abbas, Madani. Sudanese Civil Society: Multiple Roles and Ongoing Challenges. Arab NGO Network for Development, 2024. Accessed June 17, 2025. https://www.annd.org/en/publications/details/sudanese-civil-society-multiple-roles-and-ongoing-challenges-madani-abbas-madani.
Abbas, Reem. “Bring Back the Public Order Lashings?” CMI Sudan Blog (blog), 2021. Accessed April 5, 2025. https://www.cmi.no/publications/7443-bring-back-the-public-order-lashings.
———. “Conflict and Poverty Keeps Children Out of School, It Is Time to Fight Back.” UNICEF Sudan, April 10, 2022. Accessed April 5, 2025. https://www.unicef.org/sudan/stories/conflict-and-poverty-keeps-children-out-school-it-time-fight-back.
Abbas, Sara. “The ‘Revolution of the Burnt Cities’: Nertiti and the Challenge to the Sudanese Women’s Movement.” CMI Blog. 2020. Accessed September 27, 2025. https://www.cmi.no/publications/7295-the-revolution-of-the-burnt-cities-nertiti-and-the-challenge-to-the-sudanese-womens-movement.
Abdalla, S. M. A. “Fighting the Enemies of God: The Rise of and the Response to Violent Extremism in Sudan.” Journal for Deradicalization, no. 20 (2019): 75–108.
Abdel Ati, Hassan. “Untapped Potential: Civil Society and the Search for Peace.” Accord: An International Review of Peace Initiatives 18 (2006), 68-71.
Abdelmoniem, Dallia M. and Bianca Carrera. “Two years into Sudan’s war, where is its civil society?” Aljazeera, April 17, 2025. Accessed Jun 20, 2025. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/17/two-years-into-sudans-war-where-is-its-civil-society.
Abdul‑Jalil, Musa Adam. “Reshaping Identity Politics: Capitalising on Shari’a Debate in the Sudan.” Journal of Social Encounters 8, no. 2 (2024): 15.
Abdul‑Jalil, Musa, Adam Azzain Mohammed, and Ahmed Yousuf. “Native Administration and Local Governance in Darfur: Past and Future.” In War in Darfur and the Search for Peace, edited by Alex de Waal. Massachusetts: Global Equity Initiative, Harvard University, 2007. Accessed September 27, 2025.
ADDO. “War Propaganda… Concept and Application in the Sudan War.” African Digital Democracy Observatory. November 15, 2024. Accessed September 26, 2025. https://disinfo.africa/war-propaganda-concept-and-application-in-the-sudan-war-6350f289a0e0.
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———. “Sudanese Doctors Treat Wounded Protestors as Anti-Coup Marches Spread.” October 26, 2021. https://www.africanews.com/2021/10/26/sudanese-doctors-treat-wounded-protestors-as-anti-coup-marches-spread/.
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———. “’Unacceptable’: Sudanese PM Criticises Army’s Business Interests.” December 15, 2020. Accessed November 10, 2025. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/15/unacceptable-sudanese-pm-criticises-armys-business-interests.
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———. “Shantytown Identity versus Middle Class Identity: A Reading of the Historical and Geographical Dimension of December 18–April 2019 Uprising Across Khartoum.” Cahiers d’Études africaines No. 240 (2020): 919–41.
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راجع أيضًا: كمال الجزولي، “ضَوْء عَلَى السُّودَانَوِيَّة (مناقشة مع عبد الله علي إبراهيم)” (مقال)، على موقع الحوار المتمدين رقم.6788، 14 يناير، 2021، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:
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[Al-Siddiq Al Hadi, Naji Ahmed. The Darfur Issue Between National Judiciary and International Criminal Justice. Accessed September 26, 2025. Beirut: Centre for Arab Unity Studies, 2022.]
مها التلب، “أزمة تغيير المناهج في السودان تتفاعل..هل يحسم حمدوك الجدل؟”، الشرق نيوز، 18 يناير 2021، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:
[Al-Talab, Maha.“Sudan’s Curriculum Change Crisis Escalates… Is Hamdok the Subject of Controversy?” Asharq News. January 18, 2021. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
عبد العزيز التوم، “الشرطة والتنميط العنصري”، الراكوبة، 26 أغسطس، 2021، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:
[Al-Toum, Abdul Aziz. “Police and Racial Profiling.” Alrakoba. August 26, 2021. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
قاعدة معلومات الصندوق العربي للإنماء الاقتصادي والاجتماعي، على الرابط:
https://www.arabfund.org/blog/countries/sudan/
[Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development. “Sudan.” Accessed August 26, 2025.]
قاعدة بيانات صندوق النقد العربي، “جمهورية السودان” (أبوظبي: صندوق النقد العربي، دون تاريخ)، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:https://www.amf.org.ae/ar/node/1554.
[Arab Monetary Fund. “Republic of Sudan.” Abu Dhabi: Arab Monetary Fund, n.d. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
سبوتنيك عربي، “الكنابي في انقطاع عن العالم: 2 مليون مواطن خارج حسابات السودان…”، 7 سبتمبر، 2021، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:
[Arab Sputnik. “‘Al-Kanabi Is Cut Off from the World’ … Two Million Citizens Are Excluded From Sudan’s Accounts…” September 7, 2021. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
ومنزول عسل وعبد الغفار محمد أحمد، المواطنـة والهويـة والأقليات والثقافات الفرعية في السودان (الخرطوم: جامعة الخرطوم، 2013)،
https://core.ac.uk/outputs/71672999/?utm_source=pdf&utm_medium=banner&utm_campaign=pdf-decoration-v1.
[Assal, Munzoul and Abdel Ghaffar Damah Mohammad Ahmed. Citizenship, Identity, Minorities and Subcultures in Sudan. Khartoum: University of Khartoum, 2013.].
شبكة عاين، “كيف شكَّلت المعتقدات الهندية فضاءها الإجتماعي بالسودان؟”، 26 مايو، 2022، تاريخ الدخول 14أبريل، 2025 على الرابط: https://3ayin.com/hindu/
[Ayin Network. “How Did Indian Beliefs Shape Their Social Space in Sudan?” May 26, 2022. Accessed April 14, 2025.]
شبكة عاين، “إغراق أرض الأجداد: رفض شعبي واسع وإصرار حكومي لبناء السدود”، 28 مارس، 2016، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:
[Ayin Network. “Flooding the Land of the Ancestors: Widespread Popular Rejection and Government Insistence on Building Dams.” March 28, 2016. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
عزمي عبد الرازق، “الراندوك الشعبي..لغة الهامش السوداني الثائر ضد السلطة، موقع التراسودان، 19 يوليو، 2019، تاريخ الدخول 26/9/2025 على الرابط:
[Abdul Razek, Azmi. “Popular Randouk: The Language of Marginalized Sudanese Revolting Against Authority.” Ultra Sudan, July 19, 2019. Accessed September 26, 2025.]
عبدالله بولا، “شجرة نسب الغول في مشكل (الهوية الثقافية) وحقوق الإنسان في السودان: أطروحة في كون الغول لم يهبط علينا من السماء”، مجلة الطريق، العدد 7-8 (مزدوج)، 1998. يمكن مراجعة النسخة الإلكترونية في مجلة احترام، العدد الأول، (نوفمبر، 2005)، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط: https://www.suda-forall.org/sections/ihtiram/images/ihtiram-nov05-dr.bola.pdf
[Bula, Abdulla. “The Ghoul’s Genealogy in the Problem of Cultural Identity and Human Rights in Sudan: A Thesis on the Ghoul’s Not Descending From the Sky.” Al-Tariq Magazine no. 7–8 (1998). Also available in Ihtiram Magazine no. 1 (November 2005). Accessed April 13, 2025.]
عادل كلر، “الشعر والأغنية في انتفاضة السودان: خطاب مجتمعات المقموعين”، السفير العربي، 24/12/2020، تاريخ الدخول 26/09/2025 على الرابط:
[Color, Adel. “Arts and Songs of the Sudanese Uprising: Discourses of the Oppressed.” Translated by Sabah Jalloul, Assafir Al-Arabi. December 24, 2021. Accessed 26.09.2025]
الأقباط اليوم، “رفض ممنهج لتدريس التربية المسيحية في المدارس السودانية”، دون تاريخ، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:
[Copts Today. “Systematic Refusal to Teach Christian Education in Sudanese Schools.” N.D. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
موقع دبنقا السوداني، “منع ارتداء الكدمول وحظر استخدام الدراجات النارية وحمل السلاح بشمال دارفور”، 25أبريل، 2022، تاريخ الدخول 26/09/2025 على الرابط:
[Dabanga Sudan. “Banning the Wearing of Kadmul, Prohibiting the Use of Motorcycles, and Carrying Weapons in North Darfur.” April 25, 2022. Accessed September 26, 2025.]
دبنقا السوداني، “منع ارتداء الكدمول وحظر استخدام الدراجات النارية وحمل السلاح بشمال دارفور”، 25أبريل، 2022، تاريخ الدخول 26/09/2025 على الرابط:
[Dabanga Sudan. “Banning the Wearing of Kadmul, Prohibiting the Use of Motorcycles, and Carrying Weapons in North Darfur,” April 25, 2022. Accessed September 26, 2025.]
محمد السيد سعيد، “حالات إخلاء قسري جماعية، وتهجير، وقمع التظاهرات المناهضة لبناء السدود بالقوة”، مركز القاهرة لدراسات حقوق الإنسان، 16 مارس، 2016، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:
[El-Sayed Said, Mohamed. “Mass Forced Evictions, Displacement, and Forcible Suppression of Anti-Dam Demonstrations Before the Regional Body.” Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies. March 16, 2016. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
الإسكوا، أقل البلدان العربية نموًا: تحديات وفرص التنمية (بيروت: الأسكوا، 2020)، الدخول بتاريخ 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:https://publications.unescwa.org/projects/aldcs/sdgs/pdf/en/2000570-Arab%20LDCS-Development%20Challenges%20and%20OpportunitiesFINAL-WEB.pdf.
[ESCWA. Arab LDCs: Development Challenges and Opportunities. Beirut: ESCWA, 2020. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
الاسكوا، “سياسات واتفاقيات الاستثمار: الدولة وحيز صنع السياسات”، ورشة عمل وطنية حول دليل إدماج مبادئ العدالة الاجتماعية في عمليات وضع الخطط والسياسات في جمهورية السودان، من مارس 8-9، 2021، الخرطوم، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:
[ESCWA. “Investment Policies and Agreements: The State and Policy-making Sphere.” National Workshop on the Use of the Guide to Integrating Social Justice Principles into Development Planning and Policy Processes in the Republic of Sudan. March 8–9, 2021. Khartoum. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
ألبرتو فرنانديز، “السودان على حافة الهاوية: سقوط حتمي أم طريق أفضل إلى الأمام؟”، بولصي واتش 3345، 10 يوليو، 2020 (واشنطن: معهد واشنطن لسياسات الشرق الأدنى)، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:
[Fernandez, Alberto. “Sudan on Edge: Inevitable Fall or a Better Way Forward?” PolicyWatch 3345. July 10, 2020.Washington: Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
منظمة النزاهة المالية العالمية، تحليل تجاري: النفط والذهب-توصيات لتعزيز النزاهة التجارية في السودان (واشنطن: النزاهة المالية العالمية، مايو 2020)، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:
https://gfintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Sudan-Policy-Brief-Arabic-FINAL.pdf.
[GFI. Sudan and Trade Integrity. Washington: Global Financial Integrity, 2020. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
حكومة السودان، موقع ديوان المظالم العامة، استعراض تاريخي لنشأة الديوان، تاريخ الدخول 26/09/2025 على الرابط:https://www.bog.gov.sa/en/AboutUs/Pages/Engender.aspx
[Government of Sudan. “A Historical Overview of the Establishment of the Board.” Board of Public Grievances. Accessed 26.09.2025.]
أسماء ابراهيم حمد محمد، الرعي الحدودي في ولاية القضارف: مجموعة اللحويين، سلسلة دراسات الحدود (الخرطوم: جامعة الخرطوم، 2017) ، ص.
[Ibrahim Hamad Muhammad, Asmaa. Border Pastoralism in Gedaref State: The Lahwiyin Group, Border Studies Series. Khartoum: University of Khartoum Press, 2017.]
وإبراهيم عمر آدم إسحق، “الصراعات المسلحة وأثرها على الأمن الاقتصادي: دراسة حالة محلية الفاشر بولاية شمال دارفور في الفترة من 2003 الى 2013، رسالة دكتوراة (جامعة السودان للعلوم والتكنولوجيا، كلية الدراسات العليا، 2018)، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:
[Ishaq, Ibrahim Omar Adam. “Armed Conflicts and Their Impact on Economic Security: A Case Study of El Fasher, North Darfur State, 2003–2013.” (PhD diss, Sudan University of Science and Technology, 2018). Accessed April 13, 2025.]
خدمة تنميط النازحين داخليًا المشتركة: موجز مواضيعي: قدرة الوصول إلى الأراضي وحيازتها (جنيف: خدمة تنميط النازحين داخليًا المشتركة ، 2022)، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:
[JIPS. Thematic Brief: Access to Land and Tenure. Geneva: Joint IDP Profiling Service, 2022. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
دم جودة الله حيدوب، “دور الإدارات الأهلية في إدارة النزاعات وبناء السلام (2005- 2010)”، رسالة دكتوراة غير منشورة (الخرطوم: مركز دراسات ثقافة السلام، جامعة السودان، 2016)، ص.
[Joda Allah Haidoub, Dam. “The Role of Native Administrations in Conflict Management and Peacebuilding (2005–2010).” PhD diss. Khartoum: Center for Peace Culture Studies, University of Sudan, 2016.]
الواثق كمير (محرر)، جون قرنق ورؤيته للسودان الجديد: قضايا الوحدة والهوية، المجموعة الاستشارية لتحليل السياسات والاستراتيجيات، (القاهرة: دون تاريخ)؛
[Kamir, Al-Wathiq. (Ed.). John Garang and His Vision for a New Sudan: Issues of Unity and Identity, Policy and Strategy Consulting Group (Cairo: n.d.)].
منصور خالد، الحكومة التي يستحقونها: دور النخبة في الاقتصاد السياسي للسودان (لندن: كيجان بول انترناشونال، 1990)؛
[Khalid, Mansour. The Government They Deserve: The Role of the Elite in Sudan’s Political Economy. London: Kegan Paul International, 1990.]
مقداد خالد، “نيالا، حاضرة دارفور التي تنافس الخرطوم على الرغم من العنف والنزاع”، الميادين، 12 سبتمبر، 2022، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2022 على الرابط:
[Khaled, Muqdad. “Nyala, the Capital of Darfur, Rivals Khartoum Despite Violence and Conflict.” Al Mayadeen. September 12, 2022. Accessed April 13, 2022.]
. مدني عباس مدني، المجتمع المدني في فترة الانتقال الديموقراطي في السودان خلال الفترة من 2019–2021 (المؤسسة الدولية للديموقراطية والانتخابات، 2024) على الرابط:
[Medani, Abbas Medani. Civil Society During the Transitional Period in Sudan 2019-2021. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2024.]
إسماعيل محمد علي، ” السودان… تيار إسلامي يناصر الداعية عبد الحي ووزير يتهمه بإثارة الفتنة”، اندبنت عربية، 8 أكتوبر، 2019، تاريخ الدخول 14أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:
[Mohamed Ali, Ismail. “Sudan… An Islamist Movement Supports Preacher Abdel-Hay, While a Minister Accuses Him of Inciting Sedition.” Independent Arabia. October 8, 2019. Accessed April 14, 2025.]
وآلاء محمد الحسن الضو محمد، “الآثار الاجتماعية والاقتصادية للهجرة الداخلية في السودان” (دراسة ميدانية على مشروع الجزيرة)، رسالة دكتوراة غير منشورة (الخرطوم: جامعة النيلين، قسم علم الاجتماع والأنثروبولوجيا، 2019)؛
[Mohamed Elhassan El Daw Mohamed, Alaa. “The Socio-Economic Impacts of Internal Migration in Sudan (Field Study on the Gezira Project).” PhD diss. (Khartoum: Al-Neelain University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, 2019).]
ينب محمد صالح، “الهوسا في السودان: كفاح من أجل قبولهم في المجتمع والاعتراف بحقوقهم”، بي بي سي نيوز، 23 يوليو، 2022، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2023 على الرابط:
https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-62279225.
[Mohammed Saleh, Zainab. “The Hausa in Sudan: A Struggle for Acceptance and Recognition of Their Rights.” BBC News. July 23, 2022. Accessed April 13, 2023.]
هاشم محمد محمد صالح، “الأوضاع اللغوية في نيرتتي: دراسة في التحول اللغوي”، رسالة ماجستير لغات (الخرطوم: جامعة الخرطوم، معهد الدراسات الأفريقية والآسيوية ، 1987)، ص27..
[Muhammad Muhammad Salih, Hashim. “Linguistic Conditions in Nertiti: A Study of Linguistic Shift.” MA thesis. Khartoum: Institute of African and Asian Studies, University of Khartoum, 1987.]
راجع: مكتب مفوضية الأمم المتحدة السامية لحقوق الإنسان، التقارير المتعلقة بالتمييز والفصل العنصري والحق في السكن اللائق (الجمعية الكوشية للتنمية وحقوق الإنسان، 2021)، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:
[OHCHR. Reports on Discrimination, Racial Segregation and the Right to Adequate Housing. Kushian Society for Development and Human Rights. 2021. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
مزدلفة عثمان، “اعتصام نيرتتي بدارفور..”الأرض النظيفة” تنشد الأمن”، الجزيرة نت، 6 يوليو، 2020، تاريخ الدخول 26/09/2025 على الرابط:
[Othman, Mozdalfah. “The Nirtiti Sit-in in Darfur.. ‘The Clean Land’ Seeks Security.” Al Jazeera Net, July 6, 2020. Accessed September 26, 2025.]
راجع: جيرار برونييه، دارفور: إبادة جماعية ملتبسة، ترجمة آدم مريود (الخرطوم: مركز مناظير جديدة للأبحاث والنشر،2022)، ط2؛
[Prunier, Gérard. Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide, trans. Adam Marioud, 2nd ed. Khartoum: New Perspectives Center for Research and Publishing, 2022.]
رابحة السودانية، “دور النساء السودانيات المميز في الاحتجاجات الحالية، السفير العربي، 21 فبراير، 2019، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:
[Rabha the Sudanese. “The Distinguished Role of Sudanese Women in the Current Protests.” As-Safir Al-Arabi. February 21, 2019. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
رويترز، “مقتل ما يصل إلى 70 شخصًا في اشتباكات بين قبيلتين بدارفور”، 21 أغسطس، 2008، تاريخ الدخول 14أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:
https://www.reuters.com/article/oegtp-sudan-darfur-mm6-idARAOLR16483020080821.
[Reuters. “Up to 70 Killed in Clashes Between Two Tribes in Darfur.” Reuters. August 21, 2008. Accessed April 14, 2025. https://www.reuters.com/article/oegtp-sudan-darfur-mm6-idARAOLR16483020080821.]
حسين سعد، ” سكان (الكنابي) بالجزيرة.. حرمان من الحقوق وعيش على هامش الحياة”، مدنية نيوز، 31 يناير، 2022 ، تاريخ الدخول 14أبريل، 2025 على الرابط: https://www.madanianews.com/?p=7491.
[Saad, Hussein.“The Residents of Al-Kanabi on the Island… Deprived of Rights and Living on the Margins of Life.” Mandania News. January 31, 2022. Accessed April 14, 2025.]
راجع أيضًا، الشفيع الجزولي سعيد، “تنشيط اللغة النوبية الدنقلاوية -أنداندى: التقدم المحرز والعقبات”، بحث مقدم في المؤتمرالسنوى للجمعية البريطانية لدراسات الشرق الأوسط، إكستر، المملكة المتحدة، يونيو 27-29، 2011.
[Saeed, Al-Shafi’ Al-Jazouli. “Revitalizing the Nubian Dongolawi-Andandi Language: Progress and Obstacles.” Paper presented at the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies Annual Conference, Exeter, United Kingdom, June 27–29, 2011.].
السر سيد أحمد، “صندوق النقد الدولي: تغيير الحرس؟”، السفير العربي، 25 يونيو، 2014، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل،2015 على الرابط:
[Sayed Ahmed, Al-Sir. “IMF: Changing the Guard?” As-Safir Al-Arabi. June 25, 2014. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
مقبولة عباس سيف النصر، كتابة لغة الزغاوة بالحرف اللاتيني، سلسلة أعرف لغة بلدك (السودان: المجلس القومي لترقية اللغات، 2013).
[Seif El Nasr, Maqboola Abas. Writing the Zaghawa Language in Latin Script. Know Your Country’s Language Series. Sudan: National Council for the Promotion of Languages, 2013.]
سكاي نيوز عربية، “الهنود بالسودان.. اندماج فريد”، 14 أغسطس، 2015، فيديو يوتيوب، 2:18، تاريخ الدخول 14أبريل، 2025 على الرابط: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DhPhcMto65E
[Sky News Arabia. “Indians in Sudan: A Unique Integration.” August 14, 2015. YouTube video, 2:18. Accessed April 14, 2025.]
الجهاز المركزي للإحصاء السوداني، النظام الاحصائي في السودان: المعوقات والتحديات والتطلعات (تقرير) (الأردن: منتدى تعزيز القدرات الاحصائية العربية، من 8-10 سبتمبر،2003) على الرابط:
https://www.paris21.org/sites/default/files/report-sudan-sept2003.pdf.
[Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics. The Statistical System in Sudan: Obstacles, Challenges, and Aspirations (Report). Jordan: Forum on Statistical Capacity Building for the Arab Region, September 8-10, 2003.]
راجع أيضًا، الجهاز المركزي للإحصاء السوداني، الاستراتيجية الوطنية لتطوير الإحصاء في السودان (2012-2016) على الرابط: https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/arabstates/NSDS-Abridged-Arabic_Final_Nov-202012.pdf
[Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics. National Strategy for the Development of Statistics in Sudan (2012-2016).]
سودان تربيون، “الأمم المتحدة: أكثر من 300 قتيل حصيلة نزاع الرزيقات والمعاليا”، 31 أغسطس، 2014، تاريخ الدخول 14أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:https://sudantribune.net/article/239444
[Sudan Tribune. “UN: More Than 300 Killed in Rizeigat-Ma’alia Conflict.” August 31, 2014. Accessed April 14, 2025.]
سودان تربيون، “جهاز المخابرات العامة السوداني يحصل على سلطة مؤقتة لاعتقال المدنيين”، 27 ديسبمر، 2021، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط: https://sudantribune.com/article/253483/.
[Sudan Tribune, “Sudan’s GID Gets Temporary Power to Arrest Civilians.” December 27, 2021. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
سودان تربيون، “والي جنوب دارفور يأمر بحملات تفتيشية في نيالا ويحظر الكدمول”، 7 يوليو، 2013، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط: https://sudantribune.net/article/73715/.
[Sudan Tribune. “The Governor of South Darfur Orders Inspection Campaigns in Nyala and Bans Kadamool.” July 7, 2013. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
سودان تربيون، “الأمم المتحدة: تدخلات «المركزي» ساهمت في انكماش اقتصاد السودان،”، 7 ديسمبر، 2022، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط: https://sudantribune.net/article267937/
[Sudan Tribune. “UN: Central Bank Interventions Contributed to Sudan’s Economic Contraction.” December 7, 2022. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
سونا (وكالة أنباء سودانية)، “رئيس الوزراء ونائب الرئيس المشير بكري حسن صالح يوجه كلمة لتجمع من وزراء ومديري وسائل الإعلام الرسمية، موقع أخبار السودان، سبتمبر؟ عام 2015-16 تقريبًا أي منذ ” 7.9 سنة مضت”، تاريخ الدخول 18 يونيو، 2025 على الرابط: https://www.sudanakhbar.com/95278.
[Suna (Sudan News Agency). “Prime Minister and Deputy President Field Marshal Bakri Hassan Saleh Addresses Gathering of State Media Ministers and Directors.” Sudanakhbar.com, September [estimated 2015–16 based on “7.9 years ago”, when this source was originally accessed in 2023.], accessed June 18, 2025, https://www.sudanakhbar.com/95278.]
وجيروم توبيانا وكلاوديو غراميزي، “مشكلة التبو: ما بين وجود وغياب الدولة في مثلث تشاد – السودان – ليبيا”، مشروع مسح الأسلحة الصغيرة التابع لمشروع التقييم الأساسي للأمن البشري 43، يوليو 2017، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط: https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/sites/default/files/resources/SAS-CAR-HSBA-WP43-Chad-Sudan-Libya-Arabic-Web.pdf.
[Tubiana, Jérôme and Claudio Gramizzi. “Tubu Trouble: State and Statelessness in the Chad–Sudan–Libya Triangle.” Small Arms Survey HSBA Working Paper 43. July 2017. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
الترا سودان، “القبض على “رجال دين مسيحيين” يثير اتهامات بالتمييز الديني في السودان”، 11 يوليو، 2022، تاريخ الدخول 18 سبتمبر، 2025 على الرابط:
[Ultra Sudan. “Arresting Christian Clerfymen raises Accusations of Religious Discrimination in Sudan.” Ultra Sudan. July 11, 2022. Accessed September 18, 2025.]
الترا سودان، “اعتصامات الخرطوم تثير جدلاً في ميادين مختلفة”، 4 يوليو، 2022، تاريخ الدخول 26/09/2025 على الرابط:
[Ultra Sudan. “Khartoum Sit-ins Spark Controversy in ‘Different Squares.” July 4, 2022.]
. الترا سودان، “القبض على “رجال دين مسيحيين” يثير اتهامات بالتمييز الديني في السودان”، 11 يوليو، 2022، تاريخ الدخول 18 سبتمبر، 2025 على الرابط:
[Ultra Sudan. “Arresting ‘Christian Clergymen’ raises Accusations of Religious Discrimination in Sudan.” July 11, 2022. Accessed September 18, 2025.]
مكتب الأمم المتحدة للحد من مخاطر الكوارث، تقرير التقييم الإقليمي للحد من مخاطر الكوارث في المنطقة العربية (القاهرة: المكتب الإقليمي للدول العربية، 2021)، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:
[UNDRR. Regional Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction in the Arab Region 2021. Cairo: Regional Office for the Arab States, 2021. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
اليونسكو، حيوية اللغة والمهددات، فريق الخبراء المتخصص المعني باللغات المهددة بالانقراض التابع لليونسكو، الاجتماع الدولي للخبراء بشأن برنامج اليونسكو لحماية اللغات المهددة بالانقراض، من 10-12 مارس، 2003، باريس، تاريخ الدخول 14أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:
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[UNESCO. Language Vitality and Endangerment. UNESCO Ad Hoc Expert Group on Endangered Languages. International Expert Meeting on UNESCO Programme Safeguarding of Endangered Languages, March 10–12, 2003, Paris. Accessed April 14, 2025.]
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[UNESCO. “UNESCO On-line Atlas Seeks to Save Dying Languages.” February 19, 2009. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
يونسيف السودان، “السياسة والأدلة والحماية الاجتماعية” (الخرطوم: يونسيف السودان، دون تاريخ)، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:
[UNICEF Sudan. “Policy, Evidence and Social Protection.” Khartoum: UNICEF Sudan, n.d. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
أخبار الأمم المتحدة، “اللاجئون يتدفقون إلى شرق السودان”، 30 ديسمبر، 2009، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط: .https://news.un.org/ar/story/2009/12/115912
[UN News. “Refugees Flock to Eastern Sudan.” December 30, 2009. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
أخبار الأمم المتحدة، ” خلال مراجعة سجله في مجال حقوق الإنسان: دول تستجوب السودان حول العقبات المحيطة بالانتقال الديموقراطي-والخرطوم ترفض “تسييس” هذه الآلية”، على الرابط:
https://news.un.org/ar/story/2022/02/1093712.
[UN News. “During Review of its Human Rights Record: Countries Question Sudan on Obstacles to Democratic Transition and Khartoum Rejects ‘Politicization’ of this Mechanism.” UN News. February 9, 2022.]
مكتب مفوضية الأمم المتحدة السامية لحقوق الإنسان، “الاستعراض الدولي الشامل: تقارير السودان،” تاريخ الدخول 18 يونيو، 2025، على الرابط: .https://www.ohchr.org/ar/hr-bodies/upr/sd-index
[United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Universal Periodic Review: Sudan Reports.” OHCHR Accessed June 18, 2025.]
أحمد يونس، ” الشيوعي السوداني يهدد بإسقاط حكومة حمدوك”، الشرق الأوسط، 11 نوفمبر، 2020، تاريخ الدخول 13أبريل، 2025 على الرابط:
[Younis, Ahmed. “The Sudanese Communist Party Threatens to Topple Hamdok’s Government.” Asharq Al-Awsat. November 11, 2020. Accessed April 13, 2025.]
Associated Documents
Despite being a country rich in diversity, Sudan's 'Unity in Conformity' ideology legitimizes discrimination and drives conflict.